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Congressman/woman Coming to Your Town
The five-week August congressional recess is the best opportunity of the year to talk with your Washington representatives. It’s perfect timing to give input on critical budget choices being made in September.
Congress will decide how to cut US Department of Agriculture spending by $3 billion. The choice is pretty simple. Congress can cut family farms and critical rural development, conservation, and child nutrition programs. Or it can save money by putting effective limits on payments to mega farms.
Capping mega-farm payments is a win-win solution. It saves money and it’s the most effective thing Congress can do to strengthen family-size farms.
Call the capital switchboard at 202.224.3121 and ask for your Representative’s and Senators’ offices. Tell the receptionist where you live, and ask when they will be in the area.
Then attend and make your voice heard. Citizen participation is the essential fuel of a working democracy. |
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>> Interested in High Quality Pork? Then come to a Niman Ranch Pork Company Information Meeting on August 23, 2005 at the Center for Rural Affairs office in Lyons, Nebraska.
Klint Stewart, Niman Ranch’s field agent for Nebraska, South Dakota, and Kansas will give an informational meeting on what it means to be a Niman Ranch Producer and how to become a natural and sustainable hog farmer.
If interested, RSVP to Klint Stewart at 402.841.4637 or Amanda Tuttle at 402.687.2100. The meeting will be held at the Center’s office at 145 Main St; Lyons, Nebraska at 7:30 p.m. on August 23. Come learn how you could become the next Niman Ranch Farmer.
>> Women’s Role in Agriculture Focus of Conference The 2005 Women in Sustainable Agriculture Conference: A Celebration of Hope and Opportunity will be held October 21-23, 2005 at the Sheraton Hotel and Conference Center in Burlington, Vermont.
Conference participants will share educational and organizational strategies, build production, business, and leadership skills, and explore cultural and policy issues that affect women in agriculture.
The registration fee is $150 if received by August 19. The fee includes five meals and access to all conference sessions and workshops.
Find out more at www.regonline.com/
womeninagconference or call 802.223.2389 x 15. |
A Blog for Rural America
There are so many web logs – blogs – on politics, domestic affairs, and international events as well as sports, music, fashion, and, of course, dog grooming.
Rural America needs serious dialogue that focuses on rural people, places, opportunities, and issues. Therefore, we are rebuilding and revamping our blog to serve farmers, ranchers, rural communities, and everyone who cares about rural America.
When Don Ralston, Marty Strange, and a courageous board formed the Center in 1973, one of the first things they did was start a monthly newsletter. Even before they knew how to make their budget (or even had a budget) they started telling our story.
Our blog will certainly help us continue to tell our story. But just as importantly, it will help us listen to our friends, allies, critics, and each other.
As with any conversation it will only work if you will lend an ear and offer your advice as well. Visit our “Blog for Rural America” today – talk to us – and come back often
http://www.cfra.blogspot.com
Contact: John Crabtree, johnc@cfra.org or 402.687.2103 x 1010 for more information.
Latest Data on Rural Poverty
Pervasive poverty still reigns in rural America, but things are looking up in the Plains In an annual, summertime ritual, we bring you the latest data from the United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis on county income levels.
Based on 2003 data (the latest data available), the new figures again show how pervasive rural poverty is in the United States. Of the 250 lowest income counties in the nation, 228 are non-metropolitan counties.
However, there is some good news, especially for the Great Plains region. The lowest income region in the nation from 1997 to 2002, the Great Plains still has several of the lowest income counties in the nation in 2003. However, things are looking up for several counties and states.
Loup County, Nebraska, was the first, second, or third lowest income county from 1997 to 2002; in 2003, Loup County is the fourth lowest income county, but its per capita income increased nearly $3,600 from 2002 to 2003. And 2002’s lowest income county, Slope County, North Dakota, is not even among the 250 lowest income counties in 2003.
For six consecutive years, rural Nebraska was also home to several of the lowest income counties in the nation. In 2003, only two rural Nebraska counties were among the 50 lowest income counties in the country.
The per capita income of the nation’s lowest income county – Starr County, Texas – is about 34 percent of the nation’s per capita personal income, and about 800 percent less than the nation’s highest income county (New York, New York – Manhattan). The table below shows the 20 lowest-income counties in 2003. 20
Lowest Per Capita Income Counties in America
| County |
2003 Per Capita Income |
County |
2003 Per Capita Income |
| 1.
Starr, TX |
$10,805 |
11. Union, FL |
$14,021 |
| 2. Ziebach, SD |
$11,264 |
12. Shannon, SD |
$14,106 |
| 3. Maverick, TX |
$12,774 |
13. San Juan, UT |
$14,363 |
| 4. Loup, NE |
$12,819 |
14. Guadalupe, NM |
$14,455 |
| 5. Zavala, TX |
$13,304 |
15. Presidio, TX |
$14,465 |
| 6. Todd, SD |
$13,505 |
16. DeKalb, MO* |
$14,577 |
| 7. Jefferson, MS |
$13,608 |
17. Hancock, TN |
$14,610 |
| 8. Grant, NE |
$13,705 |
18. Elliot, KY |
$14,633 |
| 9. Zapata, TX |
$13,847 |
19. Buffalo, SD |
$14,649 |
| 10. Hamilton, FL |
$13,932 |
20. Jackson, KY |
$14,760 |
* Represents a metropolitan county
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Annual Rural Poll Shows Hope for Small Communities
Tenth University of Nebraska rural poll has implications for our region; it shows new people and ideas
coming A hopeful new poll shows that rural communities are drawing new people and generating entrepreneurial activity – people starting businesses.
The poll is the 10th in a series of polls of rural Nebraskans by the University of Nebraska Center for Applied Rural Innovation. Though the poll focuses on Nebraskans, it has broader implications for the entire region. Its findings include:
>> One-quarter of rural Nebraskans lived somewhere other than their current community during the past 10 years. Many of them are young.
New people and ideas are coming into rural communities – essential to revitalization. Forty percent came from out of state and forty-five percent came from a larger Nebraska city or another community.
>> The entrepreneurial spirit is strong in rural Nebraska and strongest in the smallest communities. Twenty percent of rural Nebraskans, and 29 percent living in or near towns of less than 500, own a business.
This is a credit to the Center’s Rural Enterprise Assistance Program, which has helped 4,000 rural businesses to get started or survive. And it is essential. People starting small businesses are the primary source of new jobs in the small agricultural communities of Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nebraska, and the Dakotas.
>> Rural Nebraskans have favorable opinions about self-employment, but they also recognize the hardships and risks. Sixty-one percent agree that self-employment is desirable because they can be their own boss, and 54 percent say it provides a better quality of life. But they are realistic – 74 percent agree that it requires
working more hours.
>> Rural Nebraska also agrees on the biggest barrier to starting new businesses.
Seventy percent say the cost of health insurance makes self-employment unappealing.
>> Rural Nebraskans are engaging in lifelong learning – essential to getting ahead in an information-based economy. One-half of rural Nebraskans have participated in formal education courses, workshops, or other training activities during the past 10 years.
>> Rural Nebraskans are getting connected to the Internet, but not low-income households. Sixty-nine percent of rural Nebraskans have Internet access either at home or at work, but only 11 percent of those with incomes of less than $20,000 have Internet access.
>> Internet service is getting better, but improvement is needed. Less than half (43 percent) of those surveyed from communities of less than 1,000 say they are more satisfied with the speed of their Internet service.
Source: See http://cari.unl.edu
for the Center for Applied rural Innovation’s (CARI) rural poll.
Fundamentals of Rural Stereotyping
Forget the idyllic picture of rural America; look instead at the individuality, innovation, and creativity taking place in our changing rural society
The myth of what is rural and what is not seems to be growing. We often lament the demise of rural America and the associated problems. Perhaps our biggest problem is that we – the people who live in rural areas – don’t understand what we are dealing with.
First, there is really no such thing as rural America. Each rural community in America is uniquely different. Our popular notion of a Norman Rockwell painting often clouds the great diversity that many rural communities harbor.
It is too easy to generalize from one visit to one particular rural place. Each rural community contributes to a rural average, but none is any more likely than the next to be “typically” rural.
One myth about rural places is that they offer a safe haven from problems that only exist in urban areas. While it is true that rates of violent crime and drug use tend to be a little lower in rural areas than in cities, the gap is closing. What we need to understand as we work with rural development is that rural society is changing.
Another interesting myth is stereotyping of the “brain drain” taking place in rural areas. The only fact related to this notion is the depopulation occurring in many rural areas. This has more to do with perceived opportunities and education than with a “brain
drain.”
Indeed, some of the people who choose to live in smaller rural communities are extremely bright, entrepreneurial, innovative, and creative. Survival in these communities often needs these traits to flourish and bloom.
This is a critical time for rural development and keeping focus on this way of life. What we don’t need is to generalize everyone’s situation into a neat package and call it rural America.
Instead, we need to look at each community and develop policy accordingly. We can then put an action plan into use that enhances the assets each community brings to the very meaning and distinction of the word
“rural.”
Contact: Michael L. Holton, michaellh@cfra.org
or 402.687.2103 x 1015 for information.
Sign up for our new weekly “Rural Community Revitalization Conversation” with Michael Holton, premiering this month. The conversation will take place on the Center’s web log,
http://www.cfra.blogspot.com Send an email to
michaellh@cfra.org to indicate your interest and/or visit the blog and participate.
Conservation Security Program Comment
Deadline Extended
The public comment period deadline for the amended interim final rule for the Conservation Security Program has been extended from Monday, July 25 until Friday, September 9.
Technical problems with reaching USDA prompted the extension. The email address to file comments electronically was not working and the snail mail address provided in the Federal Register was incomplete.
Comments should be postmarked by midnight, September 9. Send comments in writing, by mail, to Financial Assistance Programs Division, Natural Resources Conservation Service, P.O. Box 2890, Washington, D.C. 20013-2890, or by email to
FarmBillRules@usda.gov ; Attn: Conservation Security Program.
For more information, contact Craig Derickson, CSP Program Manager, at 202.720.3524 or 202.756.5041 or
craig.derickson@wdc.usda.gov
You might also want to check the Center’s action alert on
CSP. It provides our suggestions for improving the Conservation Security Program.
Corporate Farming Notes
CAFO eyes Indiana; clean air sign-up deadline extended; heavy-handed Columbian efforts to quell farming reform
>> Wayne County, Indiana could soon have its first confined animal feeding operation, an 11,000 sow facility near Williamsburg.
Natural Pork Production II, an Iowa company, applied for special exceptions to county zoning ordinances. The application came just before the county was to consider CAFO zoning amendments at its July meeting.
Local property owners have voiced concerns about smell, traffic, environmental damage, and devaluation of land. “I cannot believe that building this hog operation here would increase my property value,” said Jack Sittloh, a local resident.
Proponents of the operation made oft-repeated promises – economic development, grain utilization from local farms, job creation, and “innovations” that will minimize odor and environmental impacts. Wayne County would be unique if those promises came to fruition.
>> Pork producers were facing a July 1 deadline for signup in the Air Emission Consent Agreement, but the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced an extension of the deadline to July 29. The agency said this was done to provide more time for operators to make informed decisions about participation.
EPA has not changed the terms of the agreement since it was published in the Federal Register. This agreement is part of the EPA’s effort to minimize livestock operation air emissions and to ensure compliance with the Clean Air Act.
The agreement calls for the pork industry to conduct additional air emissions research. The National Pork Board is providing $6 million for a study on emissions data to identify compliance thresholds for livestock operations.
>> An international reminder that anti-corporate farming struggles are often fierce. The Columbian National Agricultural Workers Union represents farm laborers and small farmers and pushes for agrarian reform in a country with one of the world’s most unequal distributions of land.
The union decided in 1993 to train members in sustainable agriculture – raising the ire of a government enamored of industrial agriculture. After establishing a training center for small farmers, paramilitaries arrived, setting up roadblocks outside the center’s entrance while military helicopters landed and blew out the windows of a library and classroom. Since 1978, assassinations have claimed over 500 union members.
Contact: John Crabtree at 402.687.2103 x 1010 or
johnc@cfra.org
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Feature
articles:
Impacts of Social Security Reform on Rural America
If one visits the museum and historical archives at the Social Security Administration headquarters in Baltimore, Maryland, one is struck by the importance of rural America to the original debate in 1935.
The exhibits are dominated by pictures and testimonials of widows and surviving children of farmers and coal miners, stories of rural people who had lost all of their life savings in failed banks and swindles, and data on the desperate poverty of rural people at the time. The economic and social plight of rural Americans certainly played a major role in the passage of the Social Security Act in 1935.
Certainly the American economy and society has changed since 1935. Great, unprecedented wealth has been created in the society. Policies have been created to enhance private savings. Reforms to markets, equities, and banking have prevented another calamitous economic depression.
And the benefits broadly known as “social insurance” (Social Security, unemployment insurance, workers’ compensation, and welfare programs) have assisted in smoothing the economic shocks that occur to individuals, families, and communities.
The widespread economic and social dislocation witnessed in the 1930s and seen in the pictures, stories, and testimonials of the exhibits in Baltimore are, we hope, exactly that – history.
The nation is now in the beginning stages over a potentially historic debate on the future of Social Security. To enhance the rate of return of Social Security, President Bush has proposed that individuals have the option of diverting a portion of Social Security payroll taxes to establish private accounts that would be invested in equity and bond funds.
Most analyses of private account plans also find that cuts in the basic benefit structure would also be required to pay for transition costs to the private account system and to prevent even greater solvency issues for the Social Security system. Other reforms to Social Security are also being discussed, including raising the retirement age.
With all the discussion and analysis on Social Security reform proposals, little discussion has occurred on the unique role Social Security occupies for rural Americans and their communities. Recently, the Institute for America’s Future, a Washington, DC based think tank, released a report analyzing several sources of federal data on the role Social Security plays in rural America.
This report was released as part of efforts of the Rural Americans for a Secure Future coalition (see
below) to bring about debate on how proposed changes to Social Security would affect rural people and rural communities.
Reliance on Social Security Income
It is important to remember that Social Security is more than a retirement program. Social Security also provides disability and survivorship benefits. In fact, in fiscal year 2004, approximately 16 percent of Social Security benefits were paid as disability benefits. About one-third of Social Security checks sent to rural communities each month are for either disability or survivorship benefits.
In 2003 (the last year for which county-level data is available), data from the US Bureau of Economic Analysis show that non-metropolitan counties received 8 percent of their income from Social Security benefits while metropolitan counties received 4.7 percent of their income from Social Security.
This greater reliance on Social Security benefits in rural communities exists in all 50 states. The table on the next page shows the amount of Social Security flowing into rural and non-rural counties in some Midwest states (figures indicate Social Security benefits as a percentage of total personal income).
Rural and Non-Rural Counties'
Social Security Benefits as a Percentage of Total Income
| State |
Rural Counties (%) |
Non-Rural Counties (%) |
| Iowa |
8.0 |
5.2 |
| Kansas |
8.0 |
4.6 |
| Minnesota |
7.1 |
3.8 |
| Nebraska |
7.4 |
4.1 |
| North Dakota |
7.6 |
4.4 |
| South Dakota |
6.4 |
4.8 |
States such as Arkansas and Michigan have nearly 10 percent of rural personal income coming from Social Security benefits.
These findings correspond with findings we made in our recent publications Trampled Dreams and
Swept Away (pdf files) where we found that rural areas in the region had nearly twice as much in unearned income from sources like Social Security than did the metropolitan counties of the region.
As we wrote in those reports, and as these findings on Social Security reliance underscore, reliance on unearned income such as Social Security makes the rural economy highly volatile and susceptible to the political forces that determine program fates.
These data on Social Security reliance demonstrate that fact. Any changes to Social Security will be felt disproportionately in rural America. Potential benefit cuts would have a dramatic impact on the economy of rural communities.
The Center for Budget and Policy Priorities and the Congressional Research Office have estimated that Social Security retirement benefits would decrease 30 percent and between 15 and 49 percent (depending on age), under the President’s proposal.
While the President has made it clear that current retirees are safe from benefit cuts, assuming that rural communities remain more reliant on Social Security income shows the estimated benefit cuts will greatly harm rural people and rural communities.
Such a benefit cut would roughly equal about $20 million less in rural income each year (based on current benefits and assuming the proportion of Social Security income in the rural economy remains constant).
That represents about a 2 percent total decrease in income in non-metropolitan counties. Such cuts would have significant consequences for rural households and rural communities.
Seniors and More Seniors
While current retirees may be safe from budget cuts under the President’s proposal, an aging population increases the importance of Social Security to rural America. That is an important fact in this debate because many analyses make it abundantly clear that most workers under the age of 55 today will not be safe from benefit cuts.
The US Census Bureau estimates that the nation’s senior population is estimated to double by 2050, with the number of seniors living in and migrating to rural communities increasing as well. The relative reliance, therefore, of rural communities on Social Security income may very well escalate, making benefit cuts on future retirees fall disproportionately on rural communities.
Current demographics demonstrate the potential consequences for rural communities. According to USDA more than 90 percent of counties with high senior populations (20 percent or more) are rural. A third more rural residents are 60 years old or older, and 44 percent more rural seniors live in poverty.
Poverty also increases with age – again, according to USDA, 20 percent of rural residents over the age of 85 live in poverty. And most rural seniors in poverty are women (generally widows or spouses of disability recipients) – more rural women over 60 live in poverty and 80 percent of rural seniors over the age of 85 in poverty are female.
A large elderly population that is predicted to get larger that is dependent to a greater extent on a program that may witness severe benefit reductions is a prescription for trouble. The Institute for America’s Future report states that “(C)uts to Social Security benefits would swell the ranks of the rural poor to levels not seen since the Great Depression.”
More People with Disabilities
Social Security Administration data show there are 50 percent more disability beneficiaries in rural areas than in non-rural areas (and compared to total beneficiaries in both).
Low-wage and physical work, less access to health insurance and preventative healthcare, and greater incidences of nearly all chronic illnesses and conditions are cited as the primary reasons for the greater prevalence of disability beneficiaries in rural communities.
Some administration officials have recently stated that cuts to disability benefits are being considered in the overall plan. That – together with the expanding elderly population and the impact of any future benefit cuts to them – would work to exacerbate problems faced by rural communities and local governments in providing services to those most in need.
As Social Security reform proposals are offered – from the President, from Congress, from both political parties – we will provide analysis of how they affect rural people and rural communities.
The size of the Social Security program and its importance to millions of people make the debate over its future a defining discussion for our society. Rural America has a huge stake in the outcome, and should play an equally important role in the debate.
Contact: Jon Bailey, 402.687.2103 x 1013 or jonb@cfra.org
for more information.
Rural Americans for a Secure Future
The Center for Rural Affairs has joined the Rural Americans for a Secure Future, a coalition of over 30 rural organizations with shared concerns about proposed changes to Social Security and the impacts of Social Security reform on rural communities. For more information on the Rural Americans for a Secure Future, please see the coalition’s website at
www.rasf.org
For more information on the report cited in the article and on Social Security, please see the Institute for America’s Future website at
www.OurFuture.org
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Center Endorses School Petition Efforts
Information on how you can be involved
The Center has endorsed two petition drives organized by rural school supporters in reaction to a bill adopted by the Nebraska Legislature that will lead to the closing of numerous small schools throughout the state.
One petition would seek repeal of LB 126 (the bill adopted over the Governor’s veto in the 2005 session mandating assimilation of Class I elementary-only schools into K-12 districts); the second would propose a constitutional amendment requiring a vote of the people in affected school districts to finalize any school consolidation proposal. Both initiatives would be placed on the 2006 General Election ballot if enough signatures are obtained.
We believe LB 126 is the first step toward massive, forced consolidation of rural schools in Nebraska. We also believe local citizens and their elected school board members are best able to decide when and if their school district should consolidate.
The Center has a long history with the use of ballot initiatives to protect rural communities, and the importance of schools to rural communities makes a vote of the people on the issue of school consolidation essential.
In recent years the Legislature has adopted or proposed several policies that attempt to establish a minimum school size and force consolidation of rural schools.
Examples of this legislative trend include budget legislation in 2004 that provides incentives to schools that consolidate to reach the minimum 390 student mark, portions of LB 126 that provide more incentives to schools with more than 390 students, and pending reforms to the school finance formula that would penalize small rural schools.
For an example of how these policies would impact all rural schools in Nebraska, please see Big Trouble for Small Schools V, the Center’s latest report on school finance in Nebraska and now available on the Center’s website.
If you are interested in these petition efforts, please contact Nebraskans for Local Schools, the organizing organization, in Burwell at 308.346.5095, or in Lincoln at 402.499.8519, or email
burwell@Nebraskansforlocalschools.org
or visit the organization’s website at: www.nebraskansforlocalschools.org
Contact: Jon Bailey, jonb@cfra.org
or 402.687.2103 x 1013 for more information.
New Educator for Alternative Pork
Richard L. Ness has joined UNL-Extension as an Extension Educator to help Nebraska farmers who are exploring value-added pork production. Ness will focus on alternative swine production and management systems.
“I’m excited to be able to work in this area and look forward to meeting with farmers using and learning about these systems,” said Ness. He is meeting with various agencies, groups, and individuals who are currently involved in sustainable alternative swine production systems across Nebraska and nearby states. Ness hopes to build a regional network and public data base to connect farmers’ knowledge with academic researchers.
He brings a significant amount of experience of his own to the position, holding Bachelors and Masters degrees in Animal Science from Iowa State University. Richard served Iowa State University Extension as an area livestock specialist in north-central Iowa, was employed with the Center for Rural Affairs for conservation issues, worked on farming practices and beginning farmer education with the Land Stewardship Project in Minnesota, and was an independent swine farmer.
Ness can be reached at the Northeast Research & Extension Center in the Lifelong Learning Center in Norfolk at 402.370.4000.
Celebrate German Heritage on September 25 in St. James, Neb. For a fun-filled, unique experience, St. James Marketplace in St. James, Nebraska is the place to be on Sunday, September 25, 2005. The fifth annual Heritage Fest will take place on the grounds of the former Ss. Philip and James Catholic School. The event celebrates the heritage of German pioneers who settled northern Cedar County during the mid-1800’s.
On September 25, you can experience life as it was many years ago. See a classroom of the early 20th century; watch buffalo hair being spun into fabric; watch homemade ice cream being made – and then TASTE it; watch an old apple press in action; watch how corn used to be ground into feed; participate in wood cutting contests; visit the Wiseman Monument (site of the massacre of five children of Henson Wiseman in 1863); walk the area where Pvt. George Shannon was lost during the Lewis and Clark Expedition more than 200 years ago; and see actual parts/pieces recovered in 2004 from a riverboat that sank on the Missouri River (thought to be the North Alabama which sank in 1870).
The kids will have a great time too – they can experience childhood games of long ago, including three-legged races, sack races, and a watermelon-seed spitting contest. Throughout the day, enjoy shopping at the Marketplace for all sorts of homemade products from 60 different artisans/vendors. Meat products from Main Bow Farms will be on the grill for most of the afternoon, so bring your appetite – there is always plenty of great food!
St. James is located less than ¼ mile north of Scenic Byway 12 in northern Cedar County. The marketplace is WEST of the junction of Highway 15 and Scenic Byway 12; and EAST of the junction of Highway 57 and Scenic Byway 12 – some older state road maps do not have the corrected highway numbers. Highways 15 and 57 recently “swapped” places, and many state road maps show the old numbers.
Contact: Mike Heavrin,
mikeh@cfra.org at the Center or check the St. James Marketplace website:
www.stjamesmarketplace.com
Hispanic Rural Business Center The Center’s Rural Enterprise Assistance Project recently began work on phase-two of the REAP Hispanic Rural Business Center. The business center is funded by a Rural Business Enterprise Grant from USDA.
This project provides Hispanic startup and existing businesses with small business management training, networking opportunities, one-on-one technical assistance, and access to small loans. In its absence, business development services for rural Hispanic entrepreneurs would continue to be virtually unavailable or extremely underserved in rural Nebraska.
The Nebraska communities of Schuyler, South Sioux City, and Crete are the focus of phase two. REAP anticipates this project will impact 25 Hispanic startup and existing entrepreneurs.
According to the 2000 US Bureau of the Census, the community of Schuyler has a population of 5,371, with an Hispanic population of 2,464 or 45.9 percent of Schuyler’s overall population base. Crete has a population of 5,989, with an Hispanic population of 828 or 13.7 percent. South Sioux City has a population of 11,925, with an Hispanic population of 2,976 or 25 percent of South Sioux City’s overall population.
In achieving scale, the new Hispanic business center will eventually be available in all rural areas in Nebraska. Phase three would involve potential statewide rural expansion.
Contact: Jeff Reynolds at 402.656.3091 or by email at
jeffr@alltel.net with any questions or comments.
Spanish Business Plan Training REAP is sponsoring a Spanish Business Plan Basics training in Madison, Nebraska. The five-week training will be on Tuesday evenings at 6:30 p.m. The training begins September 13 and ends October 11. For more information, contact Adriana Dungan, REAP Business Specialist at 402.494.1013 or
adungan@msn.com
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